به سوالات پاسخ دهید و با کلیک بر کلید submit در انتهای صفحه، میتوانید ببینید چند سوال و چه سوالاتی را صحیح یا غلط جواب دادهاید یا بیپاسخ گذاشتهاید.
A: Hey, Joe! Do you know who ...(41)... about Vicky’s surprise retirement party?
B: Well, I’m not sure; but if I had to guess, I think it would be Harry.
A: So do I! The guy’s so talkative; ...(42)... in his mouth!
B: I think we must talk to him. After all, it’s not his first time, and someone has to address the. ...(43)... in the room!
A: I’m so glad that Dave and Mike have decided to forget about the past and ...(44)... .
B: Same here! They were such good friends before that meaningless argument.
A: That’s right! I remember that they used to be thick as ...(45)... in the old days.
Roald Amundsen was a key figure in polar exploration. Born to a family of ship-owners and inspired by Fridtjof Nansen and Sir John Franklin, he grew up immersed in the sea trade. In 1903, Amundsen led the first expedition to successfully traverse the Northwest Passage. During two winters spent at King William Island, he picked up invaluable tips from local Inuit people. Many successful expeditions followed, including the race to the South Pole with Robert Falcon Scott.
In the 1920s, Amundsen had his mind set on an aerial North Pole expedition. The first attempt in 1923 failed—when trying to fly from Alaska to Spitsbergen, the aircraft was damaged and Amundsen and his companion Oskar Omdal of the Royal Norwegian Navy abandoned the journey. In 1925, Amundsen and American Lincoln Ellsworth tried to reach the North Pole by air. When the aircraft was damaged, the crew worked for more than three weeks to clean up an airstrip to take off from ice. They shoveled 600 tons of ice while consuming only one pound of daily food rations. They returned triumphant when everyone thought they had been lost forever. In 1926, Amundsen and 15 other men, led by aeronautical engineer Umberto Nobile, made the first crossing of the Arctic in the airship Norge. They left Spitsbergen on 11 May 1926, flew over the North Pole on 12 May, and landed in Alaska the following day. Amundsen and Wisting also became the first men to have reached both geographical poles.
Earth’s atmosphere is composed almost entirely of the gases nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%), but several gases that exist in trace amounts—concentrations of less than a fraction of a percent—have a great impact on Earth’s climate. These are greenhouse gases—gases that allow solar radiation to pass through the atmosphere and warm the Earth, but that absorb the heat that the Earth radiates back to space, trapping it as a blanket traps body heat to keep us warm on a cold night. Small changes in the atmospheric concentration of these gases can lead to big changes in Earth’s temperature and climate, making the difference between ice ages, when mastodons roamed the Earth, and the sweltering heat in which the dinosaurs lived. Without the heating caused by the greenhouse effect, Earth’s average surface temperature would be only about −18 °C. On Venus, the very high concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere causes an extreme greenhouse effect resulting in surface temperatures as high as 450 °C.
Although the greenhouse effect is a naturally occurring phenomenon, the effect is intensified by the emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere as the result of human activity. From the beginning of the Industrial Revolution through the end of the 20th century, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere increased by roughly 30 percent and the amount of methane more than doubled. Scientists have predicted that human-related increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases could lead by the end of the 21st century to an increase in the global average temperature of 0.3 to 4.8 °C relative to the 1986– 2005 average. This global warming will alter Earth’s climates and disrupt food production in certain regions.
The English Renaissance was a cultural and artistic movement in England dating from the late 15th to the early 17th century. It is associated with the pan-European Renaissance that is usually regarded as beginning in Italy in the late 14th century. [1] The beginning of the English Renaissance is often taken, as a convenience, to be 1485, when the Battle of Bosworth Field ended the Wars of the Roses and inaugurated the Tudor Dynasty. Renaissance style and ideas, however, were slow to penetrate England, and the Elizabethan era in the second half of the 16th century is usually regarded as the culmination of the English Renaissance. [2]
The English Renaissance is different from the Italian Renaissance in several ways. The dominant art forms of the English Renaissance were literature and music. Visual arts in the English Renaissance were much less significant than in the Italian Renaissance. The English period began far later than the Italian, which is usually considered to begin in the late 14th century, and was moving into Mannerism and the Baroque by the 1550s or earlier. [3] In contrast, the English Renaissance can only be said to begin, shakily, in the 1520s, and continued until perhaps 1620.
England had a strong tradition of literature in the English vernacular, which gradually increased as English use of the printing press became common by the mid-16th century. By the time of Elizabethan era, a vigorous literary culture in both drama and poetry included poets such as Edmund Spenser, whose verse epic The Faerie Queene had a strong influence on English literature but was eventually overshadowed by the lyrics of William Shakespeare, Thomas Wyatt and others. Typically, the works of these playwrights and poets circulated in manuscript form for some time before they were published, and above all the plays of English Renaissance theatre were the outstanding legacy of the period. [4]
The notion of calling this period “The Renaissance” is a modern invention, having been popularized by the historian Jacob Burckhardt in the 19th century. The idea of the Renaissance has rightly come under increased criticism by many cultural historians, and some have contended that the “English Renaissance” has no real tie with the artistic achievements and aims of the Italian artists (Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Donatello) who are closely identified with Renaissance visual art.